• The sociologist and academic at Universidad de Santiago reflects upon how the Nueva Mayoría pact’s nature – considered by him as a merely pragmatic pact- does not make possible to implement the required structural changes that not even the Concertación pact was able to make before. 
  
   

• President Bachelet made public a new government’s initiative in favor of education: it is the Programa de Acompañamiento y Acceso Efectivo para la Educación Superior (PACE), which goal is to help the most vulnerable students in Chile improve higher education access, just as Universidad de Santiago has been doing since 1992.
• At its first stage, the measure will benefit more than 7 thousand high school students. The Mineduc will take charge of the program and Universidad de Santiago, together with Universidad Técnica Santa María, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad de Antofagasta and Universidad Católica de Temuco will collaborate to implement it this year. During the ceremony, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, President of Universidad de Santiago, emphasized that “we will use everything that the State gives us to improve our Propedéutico Program.”

During a ceremony held at Palacio de La Moneda, President Michelle Bachelet, together with the Minister of Education, Nicolás Eyzaguirre, officially launched the Program for Accompaniment and Effective Access to Higher Education, (PACE, its acronym in Spanish), a measure that seeks to guarantee youngsters from vulnerable high schools and with the ability to study the access to higher education.

The initiative replicates the existing University Preparatory (Propedéutico) Programs in the country, an initiative that was pioneered by our University in 2006 and that was preceded by the bonus score to the admission test results added by Universidad de Santiago since 1992.

President Bachelet emphatically assured that “inequality in our country cannot continue. We have to give support to young people who exert themselves and who deserve it. Therefore, together with making deeper structural changes, we want to start now,” taking actions before the first 100 days of her administration.

“This program will provide academic, psychological and vocational support to the best students coming from schools and high schools in vulnerable areas so that they enter a university, professional institute or technical training center, if they want, and keep studying until they graduate,” the President said when she explained the PACE.

At a pilot stage, this initiative seeks to help 7,583 students who are today in third year of high school, in 67 educational establishments of 34 communes of the country.

These vulnerable youngsters and schools will be supported by 5 universities that have a Preparatory Program recognized by UNESCO, are members of the Cruch and have been awarded an Academic Leveling Scholarship for 2014. These institutions are Universidad de Antofagasta, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Universidad Católica de Temuco and Universidad de Santiago, that drove this initiative.

Universidad de Santiago’s Preparatory Program to be strengthened

“Precisely today we start an important process: the expansion of the Propedéutico, that was created by Universidad de Santiago in 2006,” Universidad de Santiago’s President, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, proudly said.

He stressed that, although now it became a public policy, “we are not going to take away the funds that we have been assigning for this purpose since 2006. We are going to use everything that the State gives us to improve and enhance the program”, he said.

For his part, the Director of the Unesco Chair Program, Francisco Javier Gil, said that he was very happy because after several years “we have been heard”, referring to the Preparatory Program experience of more than 20 years in our corporation.

“What this program does is going to places where it is not possible to identify through other mechanisms those youngsters who have made the most of their learning opportunities. We identify them and invite them, since the first year, to dream of studying at a higher education institution, if they want to. Through this, the motivation to study develops and when adding motivation to the classroom, the entire educational environment gets better,” Professor Gil said.

A day to celebrate

Fernanda Kri, Academic Vice President of Universidad de Santiago, who also attended the ceremony, said that she was satisfied “because it is a policy that was mostly started at Universidad de Santiago, but mainly because it is an action going in the right way that will allow us to progress in equity and quality at the same time. Therefore, I believe this is a day to celebrate, but also a day to start working, because we know how to do it. If we want to increase the program’s coverage, we have many things to think together with the other universities and with the Ministry,” she said.

For his part, the Director of the Program at Universidad de Santiago, Máximo González, said that he was proud of “the number of capable youngsters, although they have not had the possibility of developing their talents until now.” He hopes that, in the future, Preparatory Programs will not exist. “When higher education will be free in Chile, these Preparatory Programs will not make sense anymore, because students’ merits and the work that they do during high school will be recognized by the School Grades Ranking, and the economic problems that they have will be replaced with free education. We are patient, optimistic and we believe that this step is a good signal in that way.”

Camilo Ballesteros, former Feusach’s President and current Director of the Government’s Division of Social Organizations, attentively followed the activity.

He stressed that this initiative expresses Universidad de Santiago’s spirit. “This evens the field up, giving all youngsters the same opportunities at entering higher education. It is also a recognition of the historical role that the University has played. First, in the 90s, with the bonus score for lower-income students and, today, with the Propedéutico. It is a recognition of the work done by the University.”

According to the President’s proposal, the PACE plans to include 339 vulnerable schools and high schools by 2015, with students from first to fourth year and by 2017, it should include all the most vulnerable educational establishments in the country.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

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• Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, Vice President of the Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities (Cruch, in Spanish) and Universidad de Santiago’s highest authority, remarked that criticism of the government proposal to appoint an intervention agent when a university commits a serious infringement, “is not justified if the bill´s content is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.” He expressed these ideas while he was participating in a special session held by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, to which he was invited. On the occasion, Dr. Zolezzi reiterated that the proposal -though it addresses a limited aspect of the educational problem- is positive and it “intends to protect the students’ rights and to guarantee that they continue studying when their universities commit acts in breach of law.”

As Vice President of the Cruch, Universidad de Santiago’s President, Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, was invited by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission to a special session held on May 12th. On the occasion, he expressed the Cruch’s support to the bill that creates the entities of “Provisional Administrator” and “Institution Closure Administrator” for Higher Education institutions.

During the session, Dr. Zolezzi said that some of the criticisms of the proposal presented by the government a week ago were “disproportionate”, “expressed in an alarming tone” and “are not justified if the bill is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.”

In this context, the Cruch said that the bill did not violate the Constitution, as the concept of Provisional Administrator “has already been recognized by Law 20.529.”

Education as a fundamental right

Also, Dr. Juan Zolezzi belittled the complaints about an alleged violation of universities’ autonomy by the bill and said that “when a higher education institution has a financial and academic disaster that may risk the continuation and quality of its programs, the law cannot allow that institution to hide behind the concept of university autonomy.”

According to Dr. Zolezzi, “the State has the obligation to create mechanisms that effectively protect the right to education as a fundamental right for all people.”

“The closure of Universidad del Mar, which had 16,907 students, is a paradigmatic case of the institutional crisis and the lack of legal protection for students (…) Up to now, we do not know about the situation of more than 8,000 students who did not continue in that institution and were not able to relocate to other universities. What happened to Universidad del Mar could happen to other universities too,” he said.

He said that the Cruch thinks that “instead of threatening the Rule of Law, the bill strengthens and legitimizes it.”

“It is indeed a bill that addresses a limited aspect of the higher education problem,” he said, but he added that the Cruch valued “an approach that is a way forward to recognize the significance of the right to education, and to take responsibility for the State’s obligation to strengthen institutionality and to allow the effective enforcement of this fundamental right.”

For his part, Deputy Mario Venegas, President of the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, highlighted the Cruch’s presentation and explanations given during the special session.

“President Zolezzi gave an excellent presentation that answered to most of the criticisms of the government bill that come from sectors with conflicts of interests,” he said.

“The Cruch clearly expressed that all these criticisms lack serious foundation, as these new action would be taken under exceptional circumstances. The Ministry (of Education) would be the most interested party in having a permanent respect for ethical norms, with a strict compliance of legal regulations regarding education in the country,” Deputy Venegas concluded.

Mitko Koljatic, President of the National Accreditation Commission (CNA, in Spanish); Claudio Elórtegui, representative of the G-9 Group of Universities; Carlos Peña, President of Universidad Diego Portales and representatives of Fundación Jaime Guzmán and Centro Libertad y Desarrollo were among the presenters at the special session held by the Lower House’s Education Commission.

Translated by Marcela Contreras
 

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• President Bachelet made public a new government’s initiative in favor of education: it is the Programa de Acompañamiento y Acceso Efectivo para la Educación Superior (PACE), which goal is to help the most vulnerable students in Chile improve higher education access, just as Universidad de Santiago has been doing since 1992.
• At its first stage, the measure will benefit more than 7 thousand high school students. The Mineduc will take charge of the program and Universidad de Santiago, together with Universidad Técnica Santa María, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad de Antofagasta and Universidad Católica de Temuco will collaborate to implement it this year. During the ceremony, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, President of Universidad de Santiago, emphasized that “we will use everything that the State gives us to improve our Propedéutico Program.”

During a ceremony held at Palacio de La Moneda, President Michelle Bachelet, together with the Minister of Education, Nicolás Eyzaguirre, officially launched the Program for Accompaniment and Effective Access to Higher Education, (PACE, its acronym in Spanish), a measure that seeks to guarantee youngsters from vulnerable high schools and with the ability to study the access to higher education.

The initiative replicates the existing University Preparatory (Propedéutico) Programs in the country, an initiative that was pioneered by our University in 2006 and that was preceded by the bonus score to the admission test results added by Universidad de Santiago since 1992.

President Bachelet emphatically assured that “inequality in our country cannot continue. We have to give support to young people who exert themselves and who deserve it. Therefore, together with making deeper structural changes, we want to start now,” taking actions before the first 100 days of her administration.

“This program will provide academic, psychological and vocational support to the best students coming from schools and high schools in vulnerable areas so that they enter a university, professional institute or technical training center, if they want, and keep studying until they graduate,” the President said when she explained the PACE.

At a pilot stage, this initiative seeks to help 7,583 students who are today in third year of high school, in 67 educational establishments of 34 communes of the country.

These vulnerable youngsters and schools will be supported by 5 universities that have a Preparatory Program recognized by UNESCO, are members of the Cruch and have been awarded an Academic Leveling Scholarship for 2014. These institutions are Universidad de Antofagasta, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Universidad Católica de Temuco and Universidad de Santiago, that drove this initiative.

Universidad de Santiago’s Preparatory Program to be strengthened

“Precisely today we start an important process: the expansion of the Propedéutico, that was created by Universidad de Santiago in 2006,” Universidad de Santiago’s President, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, proudly said.

He stressed that, although now it became a public policy, “we are not going to take away the funds that we have been assigning for this purpose since 2006. We are going to use everything that the State gives us to improve and enhance the program”, he said.

For his part, the Director of the Unesco Chair Program, Francisco Javier Gil, said that he was very happy because after several years “we have been heard”, referring to the Preparatory Program experience of more than 20 years in our corporation.

“What this program does is going to places where it is not possible to identify through other mechanisms those youngsters who have made the most of their learning opportunities. We identify them and invite them, since the first year, to dream of studying at a higher education institution, if they want to. Through this, the motivation to study develops and when adding motivation to the classroom, the entire educational environment gets better,” Professor Gil said.

A day to celebrate

Fernanda Kri, Academic Vice President of Universidad de Santiago, who also attended the ceremony, said that she was satisfied “because it is a policy that was mostly started at Universidad de Santiago, but mainly because it is an action going in the right way that will allow us to progress in equity and quality at the same time. Therefore, I believe this is a day to celebrate, but also a day to start working, because we know how to do it. If we want to increase the program’s coverage, we have many things to think together with the other universities and with the Ministry,” she said.

For his part, the Director of the Program at Universidad de Santiago, Máximo González, said that he was proud of “the number of capable youngsters, although they have not had the possibility of developing their talents until now.” He hopes that, in the future, Preparatory Programs will not exist. “When higher education will be free in Chile, these Preparatory Programs will not make sense anymore, because students’ merits and the work that they do during high school will be recognized by the School Grades Ranking, and the economic problems that they have will be replaced with free education. We are patient, optimistic and we believe that this step is a good signal in that way.”

Camilo Ballesteros, former Feusach’s President and current Director of the Government’s Division of Social Organizations, attentively followed the activity.

He stressed that this initiative expresses Universidad de Santiago’s spirit. “This evens the field up, giving all youngsters the same opportunities at entering higher education. It is also a recognition of the historical role that the University has played. First, in the 90s, with the bonus score for lower-income students and, today, with the Propedéutico. It is a recognition of the work done by the University.”

According to the President’s proposal, the PACE plans to include 339 vulnerable schools and high schools by 2015, with students from first to fourth year and by 2017, it should include all the most vulnerable educational establishments in the country.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"default","fid":"3571","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","typeof":"foaf:Image"}}]]
 

• Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, Vice President of the Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities (Cruch, in Spanish) and Universidad de Santiago’s highest authority, remarked that criticism of the government proposal to appoint an intervention agent when a university commits a serious infringement, “is not justified if the bill´s content is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.” He expressed these ideas while he was participating in a special session held by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, to which he was invited. On the occasion, Dr. Zolezzi reiterated that the proposal -though it addresses a limited aspect of the educational problem- is positive and it “intends to protect the students’ rights and to guarantee that they continue studying when their universities commit acts in breach of law.”

As Vice President of the Cruch, Universidad de Santiago’s President, Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, was invited by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission to a special session held on May 12th. On the occasion, he expressed the Cruch’s support to the bill that creates the entities of “Provisional Administrator” and “Institution Closure Administrator” for Higher Education institutions.

During the session, Dr. Zolezzi said that some of the criticisms of the proposal presented by the government a week ago were “disproportionate”, “expressed in an alarming tone” and “are not justified if the bill is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.”

In this context, the Cruch said that the bill did not violate the Constitution, as the concept of Provisional Administrator “has already been recognized by Law 20.529.”

Education as a fundamental right

Also, Dr. Juan Zolezzi belittled the complaints about an alleged violation of universities’ autonomy by the bill and said that “when a higher education institution has a financial and academic disaster that may risk the continuation and quality of its programs, the law cannot allow that institution to hide behind the concept of university autonomy.”

According to Dr. Zolezzi, “the State has the obligation to create mechanisms that effectively protect the right to education as a fundamental right for all people.”

“The closure of Universidad del Mar, which had 16,907 students, is a paradigmatic case of the institutional crisis and the lack of legal protection for students (…) Up to now, we do not know about the situation of more than 8,000 students who did not continue in that institution and were not able to relocate to other universities. What happened to Universidad del Mar could happen to other universities too,” he said.

He said that the Cruch thinks that “instead of threatening the Rule of Law, the bill strengthens and legitimizes it.”

“It is indeed a bill that addresses a limited aspect of the higher education problem,” he said, but he added that the Cruch valued “an approach that is a way forward to recognize the significance of the right to education, and to take responsibility for the State’s obligation to strengthen institutionality and to allow the effective enforcement of this fundamental right.”

For his part, Deputy Mario Venegas, President of the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, highlighted the Cruch’s presentation and explanations given during the special session.

“President Zolezzi gave an excellent presentation that answered to most of the criticisms of the government bill that come from sectors with conflicts of interests,” he said.

“The Cruch clearly expressed that all these criticisms lack serious foundation, as these new action would be taken under exceptional circumstances. The Ministry (of Education) would be the most interested party in having a permanent respect for ethical norms, with a strict compliance of legal regulations regarding education in the country,” Deputy Venegas concluded.

Mitko Koljatic, President of the National Accreditation Commission (CNA, in Spanish); Claudio Elórtegui, representative of the G-9 Group of Universities; Carlos Peña, President of Universidad Diego Portales and representatives of Fundación Jaime Guzmán and Centro Libertad y Desarrollo were among the presenters at the special session held by the Lower House’s Education Commission.

Translated by Marcela Contreras
 

[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"default","fid":"3472","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","typeof":"foaf:Image"}}]]
 

• The sociologist and academic at Universidad de Santiago reflects upon how the Nueva Mayoría pact’s nature – considered by him as a merely pragmatic pact- does not make possible to implement the required structural changes that not even the Concertación pact was able to make before. 
  
   

• The sociologist and academic at Universidad de Santiago reflects upon how the Nueva Mayoría pact’s nature – considered by him as a merely pragmatic pact- does not make possible to implement the required structural changes that not even the Concertación pact was able to make before. 
  
   

• President Bachelet made public a new government’s initiative in favor of education: it is the Programa de Acompañamiento y Acceso Efectivo para la Educación Superior (PACE), which goal is to help the most vulnerable students in Chile improve higher education access, just as Universidad de Santiago has been doing since 1992.
• At its first stage, the measure will benefit more than 7 thousand high school students. The Mineduc will take charge of the program and Universidad de Santiago, together with Universidad Técnica Santa María, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad de Antofagasta and Universidad Católica de Temuco will collaborate to implement it this year. During the ceremony, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, President of Universidad de Santiago, emphasized that “we will use everything that the State gives us to improve our Propedéutico Program.”

During a ceremony held at Palacio de La Moneda, President Michelle Bachelet, together with the Minister of Education, Nicolás Eyzaguirre, officially launched the Program for Accompaniment and Effective Access to Higher Education, (PACE, its acronym in Spanish), a measure that seeks to guarantee youngsters from vulnerable high schools and with the ability to study the access to higher education.

The initiative replicates the existing University Preparatory (Propedéutico) Programs in the country, an initiative that was pioneered by our University in 2006 and that was preceded by the bonus score to the admission test results added by Universidad de Santiago since 1992.

President Bachelet emphatically assured that “inequality in our country cannot continue. We have to give support to young people who exert themselves and who deserve it. Therefore, together with making deeper structural changes, we want to start now,” taking actions before the first 100 days of her administration.

“This program will provide academic, psychological and vocational support to the best students coming from schools and high schools in vulnerable areas so that they enter a university, professional institute or technical training center, if they want, and keep studying until they graduate,” the President said when she explained the PACE.

At a pilot stage, this initiative seeks to help 7,583 students who are today in third year of high school, in 67 educational establishments of 34 communes of the country.

These vulnerable youngsters and schools will be supported by 5 universities that have a Preparatory Program recognized by UNESCO, are members of the Cruch and have been awarded an Academic Leveling Scholarship for 2014. These institutions are Universidad de Antofagasta, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Universidad Católica de Temuco and Universidad de Santiago, that drove this initiative.

Universidad de Santiago’s Preparatory Program to be strengthened

“Precisely today we start an important process: the expansion of the Propedéutico, that was created by Universidad de Santiago in 2006,” Universidad de Santiago’s President, Juan Manuel Zolezzi, proudly said.

He stressed that, although now it became a public policy, “we are not going to take away the funds that we have been assigning for this purpose since 2006. We are going to use everything that the State gives us to improve and enhance the program”, he said.

For his part, the Director of the Unesco Chair Program, Francisco Javier Gil, said that he was very happy because after several years “we have been heard”, referring to the Preparatory Program experience of more than 20 years in our corporation.

“What this program does is going to places where it is not possible to identify through other mechanisms those youngsters who have made the most of their learning opportunities. We identify them and invite them, since the first year, to dream of studying at a higher education institution, if they want to. Through this, the motivation to study develops and when adding motivation to the classroom, the entire educational environment gets better,” Professor Gil said.

A day to celebrate

Fernanda Kri, Academic Vice President of Universidad de Santiago, who also attended the ceremony, said that she was satisfied “because it is a policy that was mostly started at Universidad de Santiago, but mainly because it is an action going in the right way that will allow us to progress in equity and quality at the same time. Therefore, I believe this is a day to celebrate, but also a day to start working, because we know how to do it. If we want to increase the program’s coverage, we have many things to think together with the other universities and with the Ministry,” she said.

For his part, the Director of the Program at Universidad de Santiago, Máximo González, said that he was proud of “the number of capable youngsters, although they have not had the possibility of developing their talents until now.” He hopes that, in the future, Preparatory Programs will not exist. “When higher education will be free in Chile, these Preparatory Programs will not make sense anymore, because students’ merits and the work that they do during high school will be recognized by the School Grades Ranking, and the economic problems that they have will be replaced with free education. We are patient, optimistic and we believe that this step is a good signal in that way.”

Camilo Ballesteros, former Feusach’s President and current Director of the Government’s Division of Social Organizations, attentively followed the activity.

He stressed that this initiative expresses Universidad de Santiago’s spirit. “This evens the field up, giving all youngsters the same opportunities at entering higher education. It is also a recognition of the historical role that the University has played. First, in the 90s, with the bonus score for lower-income students and, today, with the Propedéutico. It is a recognition of the work done by the University.”

According to the President’s proposal, the PACE plans to include 339 vulnerable schools and high schools by 2015, with students from first to fourth year and by 2017, it should include all the most vulnerable educational establishments in the country.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

[[{"type":"media","view_mode":"default","fid":"3571","attributes":{"alt":"","class":"media-image","typeof":"foaf:Image"}}]]
 

• Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, Vice President of the Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities (Cruch, in Spanish) and Universidad de Santiago’s highest authority, remarked that criticism of the government proposal to appoint an intervention agent when a university commits a serious infringement, “is not justified if the bill´s content is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.” He expressed these ideas while he was participating in a special session held by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, to which he was invited. On the occasion, Dr. Zolezzi reiterated that the proposal -though it addresses a limited aspect of the educational problem- is positive and it “intends to protect the students’ rights and to guarantee that they continue studying when their universities commit acts in breach of law.”

As Vice President of the Cruch, Universidad de Santiago’s President, Dr. Juan Manuel Zolezzi, was invited by the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission to a special session held on May 12th. On the occasion, he expressed the Cruch’s support to the bill that creates the entities of “Provisional Administrator” and “Institution Closure Administrator” for Higher Education institutions.

During the session, Dr. Zolezzi said that some of the criticisms of the proposal presented by the government a week ago were “disproportionate”, “expressed in an alarming tone” and “are not justified if the bill is analyzed in a less ideological and more objective way.”

In this context, the Cruch said that the bill did not violate the Constitution, as the concept of Provisional Administrator “has already been recognized by Law 20.529.”

Education as a fundamental right

Also, Dr. Juan Zolezzi belittled the complaints about an alleged violation of universities’ autonomy by the bill and said that “when a higher education institution has a financial and academic disaster that may risk the continuation and quality of its programs, the law cannot allow that institution to hide behind the concept of university autonomy.”

According to Dr. Zolezzi, “the State has the obligation to create mechanisms that effectively protect the right to education as a fundamental right for all people.”

“The closure of Universidad del Mar, which had 16,907 students, is a paradigmatic case of the institutional crisis and the lack of legal protection for students (…) Up to now, we do not know about the situation of more than 8,000 students who did not continue in that institution and were not able to relocate to other universities. What happened to Universidad del Mar could happen to other universities too,” he said.

He said that the Cruch thinks that “instead of threatening the Rule of Law, the bill strengthens and legitimizes it.”

“It is indeed a bill that addresses a limited aspect of the higher education problem,” he said, but he added that the Cruch valued “an approach that is a way forward to recognize the significance of the right to education, and to take responsibility for the State’s obligation to strengthen institutionality and to allow the effective enforcement of this fundamental right.”

For his part, Deputy Mario Venegas, President of the Chamber of Deputies’ Education Commission, highlighted the Cruch’s presentation and explanations given during the special session.

“President Zolezzi gave an excellent presentation that answered to most of the criticisms of the government bill that come from sectors with conflicts of interests,” he said.

“The Cruch clearly expressed that all these criticisms lack serious foundation, as these new action would be taken under exceptional circumstances. The Ministry (of Education) would be the most interested party in having a permanent respect for ethical norms, with a strict compliance of legal regulations regarding education in the country,” Deputy Venegas concluded.

Mitko Koljatic, President of the National Accreditation Commission (CNA, in Spanish); Claudio Elórtegui, representative of the G-9 Group of Universities; Carlos Peña, President of Universidad Diego Portales and representatives of Fundación Jaime Guzmán and Centro Libertad y Desarrollo were among the presenters at the special session held by the Lower House’s Education Commission.

Translated by Marcela Contreras
 

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