• Alonso Arellano, an expert in geophysics and geology, explains that, due to the type of lava, the potential following events should not be catastrophic. “We may expect stronger eruptions to last for weeks or months.” 
• He says that most of the gas column will pass to the Argentinean territory, just like on other occasions.
• “The alert actions taken for warning people have been adequate,” he says. He suggests people to be alert, because “there is always the possibility of fissures in the volcanic cone and lava could flow in other directions.”

 

After the Villarrica volcano’s eruption early in the morning on March 03rd, an area of 10 kilometre radius around the mountain was restricted. The area includes the Pucón, Villarrica and Panguipulli communities, where the red alert prevailed until yesterday evening. In the areas outside this radius, the Onemi national emergency office issued yellow alert.

Alonso Arellano, professor at the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and an expert in geophysics and geology, considers the actions taken as adequate. Dr Arellano has worked on the study and analysis of predictive models for volcanoes.

“The actions taken are in the scope of what is expected in alert situations and they should not lead to complications,” he says.

He says that the places over which lava flows have been studied and identified, “however, there is always the possibility of fissures in the volcanic cone and lava could flow in other directions,” so he asks people to be alert.

“We have to live with volcanoes and some of their properties are unpredictable. We cannot say that everything is under control, but the alert actions have been suitable, because the country has enough experience,” he explains.

Known behaviour

The expert explains that the basaltic magma typical of the Villarrica volcano is made up of dark- to- intermediate-coloured minerals like pyroxene, olivine, some iron and amphiboles, which are rocks with higher melting points. This means that gases can flow more easily in comparison with other thicker or less liquid types of magma, avoiding gas accumulation and pressure build-up inside the volcanic cone.

“Due to the type of lava, the volcano’s behaviour should be similar to the one in previous eruptions, with a constantly increasing and decreasing activity. If the magma flows over the volcano slopes, it will depend on its pressure and on how it goes up the vent,” he said.

Professor Arellano says that these events could continue. “We may expect stronger eruptions for weeks or months.” 

With regards to the risks to people, professor Arellano explains that besides the risk posed by lava itself, ashes could be harmful. However, he says that most of the gas column will pass to the Argentinean territory, just like on other occasions. 

Professor Arellano holds a PhD in Engineering Sciences with a major in geophysics, geology and geothermal science.

 

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• His work includes publications in national and international books and journals, in relation to the conformation of the Chilean State, the development of the workers’ popular movement and the social- political crises of the XX century.

On August 22^nd, Dr Julio Pinto Vallejos, professor at Universidad de Santiago de Chile, was awarded the National Prize of History 2016.

The renowned historian and Doctor in History from Yale University began to work at Universidad de Santiago when he was 24 years old, in the 80’s. Since then, he has made a major contribution to this discipline as a professor and a researcher.

His work includes publications in national and international books and journals, in relation to the conformation of the Chilean State, the development of the workers’ popular movement and the social- political crises of the XX century, as well as studies on Latin America. Likewise, he has trained several generations of historians and has continuously collaborated with the Ministry of Education.

Dr Pinto expressed that he did not expect this recognition, because there were other very solid candidates. “It was a very gratifying surprise, from which I am still trying to recover. I thank Universidad de Santiago, my university, for supporting my nomination as candidate for this prize and I thank my colleagues and students for their massive and generous support,” he said. “I dedicate this prize to all people who have been by my side throughout these years. They have made me feel that my work has been worthy.

The Minister of Education, Adriana Delpiano, explained that the jury based its decision on the notable historiographical production of Dr Pinto in different fields of the discipline, particularly, in social history and history of the Chilean Republic.

Dr Juan Manuel Zolezzi, President of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, congratulated Dr Pinto and highlighted his great contribution to the university reflected by his commitment to public education and strengthening state universities.

Dr Pinto is a Bachelor of Arts with a major in History (1978), a Master of Arts with a specialization in Latin American History (1979), and a Master of Philosophy in History of the Southern Cone, Colonial Latina America and France between 1789 and 1914 (1983). Hi is also Doctor of Philosophy in History (1991) from Yale University.

Besides, he has been a professor at different national and international universities; he is part of the Scientific Committee of the Historia journal and a member of the editorial board of LOM publishing house, where he is in charge of the History Collection. He has been part of the editorial board of Duke University Press (2013) and Oxford University Press (2014) and he is currently a member of the Humanities Committee of the National Accreditation Commission since 2013.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• The Latin American Network of Educational Portals included the work done by Dr. Juan Silva, director of the Center for Research and Innovation in Education and ICT (CIIET, in Spanish), in a publication that gathers together renowned Latin American experts in this field.

Professor Juan Silva Quiroz’ work was selected by the Latin American Network of Educational Portals (Relpe, in Spanish) to be included in a recently published compendium that gathers several papers and reflections on the use of technologies in the educational process. The name of the book is “Mirada Relpe: Reflexiones iberoamericanas sobre TIC y Educación” (Relpe’s view: Latin American reflections on ICT and Education), and it started to be developed in 2011.

Dr. Silva reflects on the relation between Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and education policies, particularly in the incorporation of these ICT in the Early Teaching Training (FID, in Spanish) process, as he considers them a determining factor to improve the quality of education, by training professionals in this field and enabling them to understand these tools and implement them in the classroom.

Relpe’s initiative has the purpose of establishing a regional view on how technologies are understood in education.

In the same way, professor Silva highlights the international significance of this initiative, as it provides different points of view on this matter. “Two of us wrote about ICT in teacher training; other expert wrote about videogames and another one wrote on Personal Learning Environments (PLE), etc. It is then a wide variety of work subjects or problems about technology and education presented, referenced or argued by leaders in this field,” he said.

He also added that the book includes some subjects that should be addressed since university education, particularly, in teacher training.

Potential of ICT tools

Regarding the advantages of using collaborative tools like ICT, professor Silva said that most of the teachers, especially at university level, do not see the potential of ICT tools, in terms of having opportunities to share knowledge at a national and international level. Assignments and presentations, he explained, can be modified and improved and will always be available in Prezi, blogs and Wikis, for example, under the logic of Web 2.0.

He also said that these participative and collaborative models are very useful, especially in teaching, which is normally perceived as an individualistic work. “In the traditional model, the teacher presents knowledge and students receive it. On the other hand, in a collaborative model, the teacher acts as a facilitator, as a mediator, and students have an active role in their knowledge- building process,” he added

Nowadays, Dr. Silva is part of a commission set up by the Ministry of Education to address the inclusion of ICT in the training of future teachers, and soon he will publish a book about different experiences of using ICT in early teacher training in Latin American, thanks to a teaching innovation project of the Academic Vice Presidency and sponsored by the Ministry of Education’s Center of Education and Technology (CET, in Spanish).

Translated by Marcela Contreras
 

•  Monitoring contaminating emissions at a height of 1,500 meters and understanding how contaminant concentrations vary at height depending on factors like the day, the time, humidity and temperature: this was the objective of the project led by Dr Ernesto Gramsch, professor at the Department of Physics at Universidad de Santiago. For this purpose, he is using a drone, an unmanned aerial vehicle that carries all the necessary instruments to collect specific data regarding this problem that affects the health of people living in the Metropolitan Region.

Dr Ernesto Gramsch, professor at the Department of Physics at Universidad de Santiago is leading a research work that has the purpose of comparing the presence of particulate pollutants in the air, particularly between its presence at ground level and at height. The study is funded through a Regular Fondecyt Project (1151117) and is called “Estudio vertical del carbono negro y perfil de temperatura en Santiago y su relación con la contaminación en la superficie” (“Vertical study on black carbon and temperature profile in Santiago and their relation with ground-level pollution.”)

This research project seeks to measure contaminating emissions at a height of 1,500 meters by means of a drone, an unmanned aerial vehicle adapted to carry the necessary equipment, in order to study how concentrations vary depending on factors like the day, the time, humidity and temperature.

Professor Gremsch explains that “just the fact of knowing how pollution works at height is new, because we do not have that information about Santiago. There is some information about other places, but this work has not been fully developed.”

The drone that will make the measurements will fly over Universidad de Santiago and, probably over Pudahuel and La Parva, the researcher says. “We intend to conduct a campaign that allows us to perform observations for two months in a row, twice or three times a day, plus morning and night observations. Then we will compare both measurements,” he adds.

Air pollutants

Depending on their concentration, regulated pollutants can be the most hazardous to people’s health. They are divided into two categories: PM₁₀ and PM₂₅. PM stands for particulate matter. The two categories are different in that the former includes particles of 10 micrometers or less and the latter, particles of 2.5 micrometers or less.

The PM₁₀ is the material that can be breathed through the nose and reach the lungs. PM₂₅ can reach the alveoli, where the gas exchange with blood is produced. This enables particulate matter to pass into blood circulation.

The researcher explains: “We are going to monitor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and sulfur dioxide and fine particles- known as PM₂₅ – that includes black carbon.”

Black carbon is a major component of the soot delivered by combustion. It is black, very fine and volatile, so it remains longer in the air. Under this assumption, Dr Gramsch states that “most of the black carbon in Santiago goes to the mountains and glaciers. Therefore, if it is measured at height, we will be able to see how pollution moves to those areas and how it impacts them.”

This study is part of the constant work done by Dr Gramsch, who has already made measurements of concentrations at height. He obtained data related to concentrations at ground level and temperature measures at height. “This is why we want now to compare the concentration measurements both at ground level and at height,” he explains.

Dr Gramsch says that this study can contribute to prevent diseases. If people are aware of the concentration levels of pollutants, they will avoid, for example, intense physical exercise that might affect their airways. Besides, it will help to establish the industrial areas with poor ventilation conditions.

After finishing the project, Dr Gramsch expects to publish and disseminate consolidated information, including all data generated by the measurements made, showing the contrast between contaminating emissions at ground level and at height.

• Dr Claudio Urrea, a specialist in robotics, has designed an intelligent device that is able to move autonomously through crops in order to perform different prevention and care tasks. 

Dr Claudio Urrea, a researcher at Universidad de Santiago, designed and implemented controllers for a mobile robot that will contribute to farming and improve national agriculture. He was able to design, simulate and evaluate the dynamic performance of different types of controllers. Thanks to these controllers, the mobile robot can be autonomous and its location can be traced at any moment.

According to Dr Urrea, professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering of Universidadd e Santiago de Chile, during the study they have been able to design, simulate and evaluate the dynamic performances of different types of controllers for the mobile robot. This has allowed them to compare the controllers and determine which one had the better performance. 

The researcher says that developing this mechanism could allow the mobile robot to perform crop care tasks. “A mobile robot with artificial intelligence designed and implemented by the Robotics Laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering and which is able to move autonomously between rows in a plantation, will have the capability, in the near future, to perform tasks like selective herbicide application, weed and pest control and others,” he says.

Impact on Chilean agricultural production

According to the Chilean Bureau for Agricultural Studies and Policies (ODEPA; in Spanish), Chile is constantly expanding its exports markets. Today, its main export destinations for food, forestry and agricultural products are the USA, the European Union, China, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Brazil, the Russian Federation, Indonesia, Central America and India.

In this way, Dr Urrea’s research impact would allow to improve the national annual crop yields. “In the future, the impact of this research work will contribute to maintaining the crops all year round, even during the harvest season, when more time, human and economic resources are required. The effects of crop maintenance are directly reflected in the annual production,” he explains.

Dr Urrea says that this mobile robot is being modified to furnish it with more sensors so that it can perform more complex tasks.

The report of this study titled “Path Tracking of Mobile Robot in Crops” was published in the Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems (Springer). Patent requests for this technology have currently been filed with the support of the Department of Technology Management of Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• In the context of a series of seminars ran by the Department of Environmental Sciences of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Dr. Ricardo Salazar informed about the scope of the research on treating waters contaminated by textile and pharmaceutical industry effluents through electrochemical methods.

In order to inform about the progress made by the Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry’s research group, Dr. Ricardo Salazar gave the presentation “Elimination of persistent organic pollutants in water by using electrochemical methods,” in the context of a series of seminars organized by the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology.

The activity gathered together academics and students who learned about the research being conducted at Universidad de Santiago with regards to eliminating organic compounds in water through advanced oxidation electrochemical processes. Particularly, the presentation referred to the Fondecyt project called “Degradation of dye-containing effluents from textile industry through electrochemical oxidation,” in which Dr. Salazar is the responsible investigator.

The objective of the study is to decontaminate waters that contain dyes and additives by means of electricity and solar energy, avoiding the use of chemical reactants.

“Today, we are working on the treatment of real samples of textile industrial effluents. To do so, we have built a pilot plant to treat larger volumes of contaminated water. We are also testing new electrodes for the process and we have extended the contaminant spectrum to pharmaceutical industrial effluents,” Dr. Salazar says about the status of the study, in which Dr. Julio Romero, from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering of Universidad de Chile, takes part as a co-investigator.

SERC Chile

Thanks to his achievements in this field, Dr. Salazar has accepted an invitation to take part as an investigator in a FONDAP project for the Chilean Solar Energy Research Center, SERC Chile, an agency that seeks to become a world leader in solar energy scientific research, with a particular emphasis in developing the potential of the Atacama Desert, Chile.

“I was invited as an associate investigator in the research line of “Solar Water Treatment”, which is coordinated by Dr. Lorena Cornejo Ponce, tenured professor at the Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Industrial, Informática y Sistemas (EUIIIS) of Universidad de Tarapacá. The idea is to contribute to the treatment of persistent organic pollutant-containing waters and their treatment through Solar photoelectro-Fenton degradation”, he says.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr Juan Escrig participated in the Fifth International Conference for Young Scientists and the Annual General Meeting of the Global Young Academy, held between May 25^thand 29^th, in Montebello, Canada. On the occasion, professor Escrig encouraged his peers to use all available means to disseminate their work among general public and other scientists. This conference gathers scientists from around the world, who are selected for the excellence of their science and their commitment to service. Currently, it has 200 members from 58 countries.

One of the goals of the Fifth International Conference for Young Scientists and the Annual General Meeting of the Global Young Academy (GYA), held between May 25^th and 29^th, in Montebello (Canada), was to provide an opportunity for reducing the science gap between developed and developing countries.

The activity gathers scientists from around the world, who are selected for their excellence demonstrated by their scientific achievements in their fields and their commitment to service. Currently, it has 200 members from 58 countries, representing the main regions of the planet.

GYA aims to empower and mobilize young scientists to address the principal issues they may face at their early careers. The idea is to reduce the science gap between developed and developing countries by connecting young scientists from different countries.

Besides, the organization maintains active links with international science organizations including the UN Science Advisory Board, the Global Network of Science Academies, the Global Research Council and the International Council for Science.

It publishes statements on international science policy and the research environment, what is important information for early-career researchers.

Universidad de Santiago

Universidad de Santiago was represented by Dr Juan Escrig, researcher at the Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA, in Spanish), at the Department of Physics.

According to Dr Escrig, the participants in the activity discussed that “a key challenge for researchers is the limited access to research software or scientific equipment due to the lack of funding for acquiring licences and/or new equipment.”

“This jeopardizes the quality of the research work, causes the use of pirated software and, in extreme cases, brain drain, and it is closely related to another problem: the need to improve the research environment in the institutions, something that would allow young scientists to fully develop their potential,” he adds.

He thinks that many women have not received yet the support that they require to succeed in their scientific careers.

And he also thinks that in general, institutions do not compensate the time that young scientists devote to promoting science.

Some guidance

Professor Escrig gives some guidance for young scientists at Universidad de Santiago, so that they contribute to the country development.

“The idea is that they participate in scientific education and in outreach activities at schools and universities of the country, because the benefits of science cannot be disseminated without the participation of and the communication among scientists, citizens, politicians and the media,” he says.

“Young scientists at the University should organize themselves, for example, through the INDI, the Group of Researchers for Development and Interdisciplinarity of Universidad de Santiago, because in this way, they will be in a unique position to take on roles in providing scientific advice for the country,” he adds.

“INDI scientists stand out not only for their excellent research work, but also for their commitment to bring together scientists and politicians to face the problems of the country. Also, I think that we require a mentoring network for young women scientists,” he concluded.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

•  According to Dr Leonel Rojo, researcher at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, the use of Aristotelia Chilensis allows to reverse the problems caused by the use of psychotropic drugs, like obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Dr Leonel Rojo, researcher at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, found that people using antipsychotic drugs for 6 continuous months exponentially developed obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.

According to the Chilean National Institute of Public Health, clozapine and olanzapine have been the most commonly imported psychotropic drugs in Chile in the past ten years for their low cost and effectiveness for the treatment of psychosis or schizophrenia in adult patients and the treatment of attention deficit disorder, autism, Asperger syndrome and bipolar disorders in children.

However, the side effects that they produce alerted Dr Rojo, as he found that antidiabetic drugs did not help patients to overcome their problem. He started looking for solutions, and after testing a Chilean product in laboratory, in 2012 he found an answer: Maqui berry (Aristotelia Chilensis), a small tree that grows in the center and the south of Chile.

“Descubrimos en Estados Unidos, que uno de sus compuestos es fuertemente antidiabético, así que pensamos que el maqui puede prevenir la obesidad que es causada por antisicóticos y descubrimos que previene la acumulación de lípidos en las células en pacientes tratados con estos fármacos”, explica el experto en toxicología.

“In the USA, we found that one of the maqui components is a strong antidiabetic compound, so we thought that maqui could prevent the obesity caused by antipsychotic drugs. We found that it reduces lipid accumulation in the cells of patients who are treated with these drugs,” Dr Rojo explains.

Research team

Dr Rojo has an extensive scientific experience. His work has been recognized by the New York Society of Cosmetic Chemists and the American Society of Pharmacognosy, after he discovered an anti-aging technology based on Pouteria Lucuma bioactive compounds.

The project has the collaboration of Dr Ilya Raskin, of Rutgers University, New Jersey (USA); a research team of Universidad de Chile, led by Dr Pablo Gaspar; and the Hadassah Academic College of Jerusalem.

The study is called “Evaluation of Anthocyanins from Maqui Berry in the Prevention of Clozapine-Induced Hepatic Lipid Accumulation, Activation of SREBP1c Target Genes and Obesity” and it is funded by a Fondecyt Initiation Project in the field of psychotropic drugs and metabolism.

Current situation and expectations

Currently, Dr Rojo and his collaborators continue working in the laboratory at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology of Universidad de Santiago. At this stage, they are trying to elucidate how the natural maqui components (called anthocyanins) prevent lipid accumulation and the metabolic problem associated to the use of antipsychotics.

The researcher expects to conclude his work by the end of 2017 with a continuity project that allows using the product in patients. Dr Rojo says that this project will benefit the country, because he thinks that the product would not be expensive; and it would also be good for national economy, because people who collect and sell maqui are eager to find new uses for it.

Today, the product is considered as a super fruit and it is mainly commercialized in the United States. Besides, there are already companies interested in the project and in getting involved in it.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr. Gonzalo Acuña was elected president of the Chilean representation at the Computational Intelligence Society, which is part of the world’s largest professional and technical association in this field. Also, professor Acuña became Chile’s representative at the Latin American Computational Intelligence Society.

An academic of Universidad de Santiago’s Department of Informatics Engineering, Dr. Gonzalo Acuña Leiva, will preside for two years the Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) Chile Chapter, which is part of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the world’s largest professional and technical association dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity.

Dr. Acuña was elected president of the Chilean representation of the IEEE-CIS, one of the world´s most renowned and traditional organizations, as it was the first organization founded in this field after the American chapters of computational intelligence and is made up of, at least, sixty academic members from different universities.

“Computational Intelligence relates to the ability developed by computers, for example, to imitate nature or biological processes,” Dr. Acuña says, pointing out that this field includes neural networks and genetic algorithms inspired by biological processes or the animal world, like the ants’ methods to solve problems or the flight of birds.

Although the IC concept seems to be related to Informatics, Dr. Acuña says that it has to do with dynamical systems and mathematical models and not necessarily with programming.

Computational Intelligence is not Artificial Intelligence

Dr. Acuña says that the concept of Computational Intelligence should not be taken for Artificial Intelligence, as the former refers to “mathematically modeled ideas that help to solve optimization problems and other engineering works. It refers to mathematical tools that are commonly used by computer programmers to solve different problems, as they can be applied to all imaginable fields.”

Dr. Acuña has been working in this field for several years and he has specialized in the study of neural networks, interconnection systems inspired by the animal nervous system functioning and SVM (Support Vector Machines), a group of supervised learning algorithms that can be applied to different areas.

At present, the academic is leading a Fondef project where he is applying this knowledge to mining industry.

“With this Computational Intelligence tools we are building predictive models for the availability of physical assets in mining industry, like shovels, large trucks or the enormous equipment required for mining operations that involve high maintenance costs. Therefore, if we are able to anticipate the equipment availability, mining industry can improve preventive maintenance and reduce costs,” Dr. Acuña explains.

Youngsters and Latin America

About his recent nomination as president of the IEEE-CIS Chile Chapter, Dr. Acuña says that the efforts are oriented to promote the Chapter and to motivate young people through CI Summer Schools, which are “the ideal opportunity for students preparing their dissertation work to participate, as leading figures in this field give presentations and many of our members offer tutorial sessions. It is the occasion when we meet as a community.”

Finally, there is also news about this field at a regional level, as two weeks ago, in a congress held at Bariloche, the Latin American Computational Intelligence Society was founded, where Dr. Acuña and an investigator from Universidad de la Frontera were appointed national representatives.


Translated by Marcela Contreras
 

• Dr Manuel Azócar, professor at the Department of Chemistry of Materials of Universidad de Santiago was recognized as the best scientific publication reviewer in the Material Science Engineering C international journal. The expert is also a reviewer in other six different journals in this field in the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Dr Manuel Azócar, professor at the Department of Chemistry of Materials of Universidad de Santiago was recognized as the best scientific publication reviewer in the Material Science Engineering C international journal, for reviewing around 30 papers in one year.

He is also a reviewer for other six journals in the field for which he usually evaluates the standard: an average of 5 article submissions. However, for the journal that recognized him, he evaluated an outstanding number of papers, so it demanded a very intense work. He expressed his gratitude for this recognition and said that he has reviewed works from the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Dr Azócar has also published in the Material Science Engineering C journal since 2014 before becoming a reviewer.

He became a reviewer on his own merit, studying materials with potential medical applications, specifically metals like copper and silver, which have antibacterial properties to combat bacteria, viruses and fungi, among other microorganisms.

All the articles undergo an expert “blind review”. This means that the author does not know who is evaluating his/her article. The committee is made up of two reviewers and they decide if the article is accepted or not. If there is a tie, they may call for a third opinion.

Dr Azócar says that the process for the approval of scientific publications is very rigorous. “I rejected 60% of the articles. This usually happens, because in science, the standards to accept articles are very strict. Most of the article submissions are usually rejected for writing problems, poor contributions, and poor quality and lack of novelty,” he explains.

Scientific connectivity

The Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications journal can be digitally accessed and Universidad de Santiago has subscribed to it, so academics can log in through the university account.

He says that information at a scientific level is increasingly democratising. “Many things have changed in science, like open access articles (PDF) which publication costs are paid by the authors and networking sites, like ResearchGate, a sort of “Facebook” for scientists,” he adds.

Goals and expectations

Dr Azócar expects to continue both publishing and reviewing at an international level. “Being considered at a global level is very interesting. They should know that there are people in Chile with a voice to give opinions on specific issues,” he explains.

He says that the journal has helped him in his professional positioning and career. “All these references help scientists to be good professionals, to be formally recognized and valued by the university. Besides, this benefits my future research work, because it gives me more credibility in my field of work. In the scientific career, the scientist is constantly growing up in time,” he concludes.

Translated by Marcela Contreras