• Inspired by the Fukushima nuclear disaster, academics from the U. of Santiago are developing a model, based on a mathematical theory that defines in minutes an action plan to deal with disasters. They published a paper about this research in the indexed journal "International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control."

It has been two years since the earthquake in Japan happened. This catastrophe caused more than 15,000 deaths and the most important nuclear disaster of the 21st century: the Fukushima Nuclear Plant explosion. This disaster demonstrated the great amount of time required to determine an action plan to cope with these events and the consequent risk for human lives.

This kind of situations led researchers from our University to find a model that could improve these response times. The project manager is Oscar Vasquez, industrial engineer graduated in this University; he has a Master’s degree, from the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, and currently he is a  Ph.D. candidate at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI. He works with Dr. Juan Sepúlveda, director of the Department of Industrial Engineering, and the academics Miguel Alfaro and Luis Valenzuela-Osorio. Together, they published a paper about this research in the indexed journal "International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control."

The title of the paper written by the research team, composed of industrial and electrical engineers, was "Disaster response project planning: a resolution method based on a theoretical model of games.” The research was published in April by the specialized journal.

Vasquez says the method is a good and fast solution to the problem of assigning activities among a number of available resources in disaster environments. Based on the mathematical theory of “game", they seek to deal with computer applications that are currently used to solve these situations. This is achieved by finding the balance point as part of a theoretical game where activities and resources are the players.

The researcher adds: "Getting a good answer just in seconds is a key issue in disaster situations, considering that the computational complexity of the problem might involve obtaining the optimal solution in hours or even days, a period of time in which the increasing disaster might cause the loss of human lives and infrastructure."

The results of the proposed model showed a difference of 15 percent in relation to the optimal solution, but less than 1 percent in relation to the time required by last generation software. "The idea behind this kind of environment is to save as many lives as possible, and this is achieved if  less time is used in order to give a good answer to the problem”, the specialist says.

Currently, the team is improving the resolution method, defining new subroutines and starting players. Preliminary results have shown a reduction of the gap between their results and the optimal solution, with a difference of only 9 percent.

By Lorena Jimenez
 

• Yeast is a type of fungus that is present in multiple fermentation processes required for food. Due to this fact, new applications of yeast are being studied to decontaminate what we eat in a natural way and at low costs. The study is being conducted in the context of an Initiation Fondecyt project led by Dr Francisco Cubillos Riffo, a researcher at the Food Science and Technology Research Center of Universidad de Santiago.
  
   
  
  Yeast plays an essential role in the making of liquors, beer and bread. This fungus allows multiple fermentation processes required for producing foods as we know them. However, the importance of this catalyst goes beyond food production: it has the characteristic of controlling some mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are natural food contaminants that can cause acute poisoning when ingested, inhaled or absorbed.
  
  Through a genetic analysis of the response to the interaction between natural contaminants and yeast, the study led by Dr Francisco Cubillos Riffo seeks to develop new applications that allow decontaminating foods in a natural way and at low costs. 
  
  According to professor Cubillos, food innocuousness is very important in Chile, both for imports and exports. “The laboratory of Food Science and Technology Research Center of Universidad de Santiago (CECTA) is focused on research on food innocuousness. The type of yeast that we are studying now has the characteristic of decontaminating mycotoxin-containing foods,” he added.
  
  Preventing diseases
  
  The importance of this study lies on the need for preventing diseases transmitted by animals, eliminating contamination of human-consumption products. The analysis of this strain and others coming from different places in the country seems to be suitable to find effective applications.
  
  “We will study yeasts of different origins and then we will evaluate them at a genetic level. We will be able to determine what yeast is the one with the highest ability to degrade pollutants or decontaminate food, and at the same time, will conduct genetic studies on the different strains collected,” Dr Cubillos said.
  
  “Many of these toxins manage to enter the food chain and cause damage; therefore, it is necessary to find natural alternatives for decontamination. Yeast is not a chemical product, it is not a toxic treatment, it is cheaper, and most of the time, it is completely innocuous,” he added.
  
  The study will have a broad impact and Dr Cubillos considers the new possibilities as favorable. “Eventually, we could reach the industry and start partnerships with the Faculty of Administration and Economics. Also, with the data collected during the project, mathematical models can be developed to determine the specific behavior of yeasts in stressful environments, what would contribute even more to future studies,” he said.
  
  Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr Manuel Azócar, professor at the Department of Chemistry of Materials of Universidad de Santiago was recognized as the best scientific publication reviewer in the Material Science Engineering C international journal. The expert is also a reviewer in other six different journals in this field in the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Dr Manuel Azócar, professor at the Department of Chemistry of Materials of Universidad de Santiago was recognized as the best scientific publication reviewer in the Material Science Engineering C international journal, for reviewing around 30 papers in one year.

He is also a reviewer for other six journals in the field for which he usually evaluates the standard: an average of 5 article submissions. However, for the journal that recognized him, he evaluated an outstanding number of papers, so it demanded a very intense work. He expressed his gratitude for this recognition and said that he has reviewed works from the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Dr Azócar has also published in the Material Science Engineering C journal since 2014 before becoming a reviewer.

He became a reviewer on his own merit, studying materials with potential medical applications, specifically metals like copper and silver, which have antibacterial properties to combat bacteria, viruses and fungi, among other microorganisms.

All the articles undergo an expert “blind review”. This means that the author does not know who is evaluating his/her article. The committee is made up of two reviewers and they decide if the article is accepted or not. If there is a tie, they may call for a third opinion.

Dr Azócar says that the process for the approval of scientific publications is very rigorous. “I rejected 60% of the articles. This usually happens, because in science, the standards to accept articles are very strict. Most of the article submissions are usually rejected for writing problems, poor contributions, and poor quality and lack of novelty,” he explains.

Scientific connectivity

The Materials Science and Engineering C: Materials for Biological Applications journal can be digitally accessed and Universidad de Santiago has subscribed to it, so academics can log in through the university account.

He says that information at a scientific level is increasingly democratising. “Many things have changed in science, like open access articles (PDF) which publication costs are paid by the authors and networking sites, like ResearchGate, a sort of “Facebook” for scientists,” he adds.

Goals and expectations

Dr Azócar expects to continue both publishing and reviewing at an international level. “Being considered at a global level is very interesting. They should know that there are people in Chile with a voice to give opinions on specific issues,” he explains.

He says that the journal has helped him in his professional positioning and career. “All these references help scientists to be good professionals, to be formally recognized and valued by the university. Besides, this benefits my future research work, because it gives me more credibility in my field of work. In the scientific career, the scientist is constantly growing up in time,” he concludes.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr Santiago Peredo, professor at the Technological Faculty of Universidad de Santiago, has shown that using natural fertilizers like humus and compost are suitable for growing vegetables. His project was awarded funds through the last Scientific and Technological Research Department (Dicyt) contest.

   

  The objective of the study “Estructura comunitaria de la mesofauna edáfica en sistemas de cultivos hortícolas manejados con aplicaciones de compost”, led by Dr Santiago Peredo Parada of the Department of Agricultural Management of Universidad de Santiago, is to show that natural fertilizers are the best alternative for growing vegetables.

  The study has been conducted in a demonstration center in Buin (Metropolitan Region), under the real management conditions of small scale producers in areas where lettuce, cauliflower, spinach, chard, tomato and carrots, for example, are grown.

  According to the National Statistics Institute (INE, in Spanish), the horticultural surface of the country reaches 70 thousand hectares:  14% of them correspond to corn, 10% to lettuce and 7% to tomato. Many of these products are exported to foreign markets, so it is important that they comply with high standards of quality. Besides, they are major components of the country’s diet and small scale producers are their main suppliers.

  Agro ecological research

  One of the main challenges posed by an agro ecological study is the unpredictable behavior of climate at implementing the experimental design.

  Dr Peredo is studying the variation of soil mesofauna in this farming systems to determine the amount and type of organisms present in a cropland, and how they vary (or not) when two organic fertilizers are used: compost and humus. 

  When using these natural fertilizers, soil mesofauna communities are the expected to modify their structures in different ways. Natural fertilizers are important because they activate the biology of the soil, contributing to improve the fertility of the soil and the development of crops.

  The idea is that the soil contributes to the fertility of the plant, avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers. “Soil life will provide the optimal conditions to get the nutrients required by crops. This process is slow as it is necessary to create a balance in the soil that allows delivering the nutrients available,” he said.

  Benefiting the ecosystem

  Dr Peredo’s study has shown two significant results so far. On the one hand, the organisms that abound in the soil correspond to the same functional groups detected by studies conducted abroad: mites and springtails. On the second hand, changes in community structure are more evident during the crop development and in relation to the type of crop, when comparing with previous projects.

  The researcher highlights the importance of using this type of natural fertilizer, because “we should not only consider farming requirements, but also the needs of the soil organisms.”

  “The variety of functional organisms in the soil contributes to create the edaphic conditions for crop development by stimulating the soil’s biology. This is one of the core elements of agro ecological management. Using natural fertilizers is an efficient way of adding balanced organic matter to the soil. This practice, together with polyculture, is the base of biodiversity management in agro ecological systems,” the researcher said.

  Dr Peredo expects that his research line “will contribute to reassess the criteria for the granting of subsidies in soil reclamation and improvement programs, among others, and also to create new state incentives and aids. For us, it is imperative to conduct applied research under real conditions that allow an agro ecological transition at a parcel level.”

   

  Translated by Marcela Contreras

• The death of fish caused by pathogenic agents is a major problem for the national aquaculture industry. For this reason, researchers at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology are developing a project to generate a new immunization strategy.

 

The death of fish caused by pathogenic agents is a major problem for the national aquaculture industry. For this reason, researchers at the Aquaculture Biotechnology Center of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology are developing a Fondecyt Initiation Project to generate a new immunization strategy.

According to the Undersecretary of Fishing and Aquaculture, in 2013 the fishing production was 2.9 million tonnes, 1.2 million of which were allocated for exports. Thus, our country stands out for its aquaculture industry, being one of the largest salmon producers worldwide, right after Noruega.

However, one of the major problems faced by this industry is the number of diseases caused by pathogens like Piscirickettsia salmonis, a bacterium that causes tissue damage and loss of appetite in fish, leading to fish death, decreased production, reduced quality of the product and the subsequent social impact.

According to Dr Sebastián Reyes, professor at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, “We only need to remember the health emergency caused by ISA virus in salmon farming. It caused social damage, because all communities related to aquaculture ended like ghost towns.”

A project to contribute with salmon farming industry

Through the Fondecyt Project 11150807 “Passive immunization as a new control strategy against Piscirickettsia salmonis,” researchers seek to propose an innovative and effective alternative to combat this bacterium that only affects fishes in Chile. For this purpose, they are working on a passive immunization strategy that involves stimulating the immune system’s cells to prevent the Piscirickettsia salmonis from spreading.

“We suggest stimulating the fish by using a hyperimmune serum. The idea is to give this serum to primary cultures of infected cells from the immune system and see if the serum is able to activate them and degrade the bacteria inside. We also need to describe the infectious cycle of the bacterium studied to measure its impacts as they are unknown for now.”

The project is also supported by the ICTIO Biotechnologies Consortium, created through a CORFO (the Chilean Economic Development Agency) project, which is formed by the following entities: Activaq S.A., Australis Mar S.A., Productos del Mar Ventisqueros, Salmones Blumar and Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

The project seeks to find a concrete and viable solution for the salmon farming industry by directly involving researchers and related companies to contribute to this strategic productive sector of the country.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

Providing basic knowledge about human cerebral cortex development at embryonic and early fetal stage is the goal of the research project led by Dr. Lorena Sulz, which will be conducted during the next three years.

According to reports, some psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, begin during embryonic development. Most of the studies on this topic have been conducted on animal samples, due to ethical restraints and limited access to human embryos. This is the reason why the field of human embryology related to neurology is an area which has not been thoroughly explored.

In this context, Dr. Lorena Sulz, academic of Universidad de Santiago’s School of Medicine, will carry out the study “Role of nitric oxide in human cerebral cortex morphogenesis”, which intends to gather critical information about the mechanisms involved in the development of nerve cells during the first weeks of pregnancy.

The study will be conducted during the next three years and is funded by the Scientific and Technological Research Department (Dicyt) of Universidad de Santiago. It is a unique study as it is the first time that this branch of embryology involves human samples, which were obtained from de Institution’s Embryo-Fetology collection.

The idea is to gather basic knowledge about this topic in order to explain if the presence of nitric oxide is also essential for producing new nerve cells in human cortex, as it has already been proved in animal samples and in neuronal regeneration processes, both in human beings and mice. “We want to know if this molecule is expressed in the cerebral cortex being developed and identify in what areas and at what stages it is present. In this way, we can infer approximately the process in which it is involved,” the academic explains.

The study will be carried out in two stages. The first one will completely focus on the morphological analysis of cells and embryos being used. This stage, which is under execution at this moment, will allow describing the human cerebral cortex development process. After identifying each phase, the second stage will allow identifying cells that produce nitric oxide and the process in which it would be involved.

The study will be conducted at the Embryology Unit of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago, led by Dr. Jaime Pereda, the project`s co-investigator, M.S. Carlos Godoy and Dr. Sulz. The three professionals, experts in their areas of research interest, complement each other’s work in a way that has helped to a good execution of their projects. “In general, the three of us work together because we use very similar techniques: only the molecule and the body organ of interest are different. We have adjusted to each other very well,” Dr. Sulz adds.

However, the expectations are long-term. The research seeks to establish some theoretical basis for human cerebral cortex development, in order to develop new studies on this topic. The results will be presented in different papers in specialized publications and in different congresses and conferences.

Finally, Dr. Lorena Sulz expects that during the research, they will be able to prove that nitric oxide takes part in human cerebral cortex development, just like it does in laboratory animals. “As it is basic science, it only provides a knowledge base. But if nitric oxide is known to be significant in cerebral cortex development, further care should be taken so as not to interrupt this process during the critical period, preventing potential malformations. This additional knowledge could be a contribution to prenatal care,” the researcher concludes.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr. Sergio Velastín, professor at the Department of Informatics Engineering of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, gave a talk on the use of data fusion in computer vision at the 17th Conference of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), held at Salamanca, Spain. Around 400 officials from the Ministries of Defense of different countries and members of the NATO attended the conference.

International experts on data management gathered last week in Salamanca, Spain, at the 17th version of the International Conference on Information Fusion (Fusion 2014) supported by the IEEE. Universidad the Santiago de Chile was represented by Dr. Sergio Velastín, full professor at the Department of Informatics Engineering, who gave a presentation during the activity.

He gave his presentation “The potential of fusion in computer vision application” to more than 400 people, many of them members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and representatives of Ministries of Defense of different countries, who attended the conference to learn about the progress in this field.

Dr. Velastín talked about computer vision, the branch of artificial intelligence that is concerned with finding artificial means to interpret the visual information of the surrounding world. Human beings have specialized in this interpretation and use a significant part of their brains to do it. “Most of what we do every day (getting around, driving, interacting with others, enjoying sports, teaching our children, learning, reading information, among others) requires interpreting what we see. If machines were able to emulate these abilities, we could potentially enrich our lives and empower mentally or motor- handicapped people. We could also make our public spaces safer,” the academic said.

Data processing in the digital era

According to the researcher, more than 40 years ago, a revolution started in human development that would potentially transform what up to then were physical quantities (images, printed letters, vital signs like blood pressure, sounds, among others) into digital data (numbers) that could be processed by a computer. “This digital era in which we live has surrounded us to such a degree that we almost do not realize how extended the generation, transmission and processing of data are. A routine telephone call occurs thanks to the processing of these numbers. Everything can be more easily filed and humankind is generating more data than ever in its existence,” professor Velastín said.

The academic explained that although many technologies- like data fusion- initially arose due to military needs, especially during the Cold War, “the use of this data involves large potential benefits, but they undoubtedly depend on how societies and governments use it. Europe, with a more egalitarian and socially inclusive model, is achieving great progress benefiting people, for example, through the so-called intelligent cities and environmentally assisted life.”

Professor Velastín thinks that in societies with more individualistic models, like Chile or even the United States, benefits could turn into danger, mainly because these contributions are not well distributed and are not used for social inclusion. “How many municipal schools do usually use tablets or smart boards?” The risk posed by disparity in the access to technology increases inequality, particularly, in future generations,” he said.

Security cameras

At present, Dr. Velastín is conducting a study in London on people’s behavior on public transportation, by recording and interpreting digital images captured by security cameras. In his opinion, the use of cameras in public spaces is a complex issue that depends on the balance between the right to security and the right to privacy. “In an ideal society, nobody is arrested at random unless he/she is a suspect or has put other people’s security at risk. What is important is to have clear regulations that are transparently respected by everyone who is responsible for a security camera, both in the government and in the private sector.

Professor Velastín has worked for several years in the United Kingdom, the country with more cameras per capita in the world, but also with very strong regulations for protecting data. He went to Spain in the context of a visiting professorship at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, through its Chairs of Excellence program, funded by Banco Santander.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr. Alonso Arellano, academic at the Department of Metallurgical Engineering, conducts a Dicyt research which seeks patterns that allow the projection of a possible earthquake or volcanic eruption of great magnitude, through the analysis of high-resolution satellite images.

Predicting an earthquake is one of the highest aspirations of the researchers in this field worldwide. In a country like Chile, which is considered highly seismic, this search has become an essential need. In this context, a new process for early detection of earthquakes arises: the analysis of high resolution satellite images.

Dr. Alonso Arellano conducts a project funded by the Department of Scientific and Technological Research (Dicyt) in this field of research. He felt motivated in 2004 while he was doing a Ph.D. at the State University of Russia and subsequently investigated related phenomena, such as the case of the Popocatepetl volcano, located in the south of Mexico.
Through his project, called "Use of high-resolution satellite images for the study of strong earthquakes and related phenomena", additional information is sought to identify more patterns and better statistics.

Based on this information, associated phenomena could be addressed, through the analysis of high resolution satellite images for earthquake precursors. "To achieve this, images are analyzed before, during and after the earthquake. Then, each image is scanned in order to find typical structures, veins, fractures, faults, and thus confirm existing or new patterns,”  Arellano said.

According to this researcher, the study is based, on the assumption that the stress of the Earth’s crust can be seen in the form of lines. "The lines are visible when processing high resolution images captured by satellites, although they develop over 30 kilometers deep. For this reason, these images have become an important tool to detect areas of potential earthquakes,” he remarks.

Although in the last decade many similar investigations have been carried out by the international group led by Dr. Arellano in Chile, and by Dr. Dimitar Ouzounov in the United States, this study will differ in two aspects:  first, the use of the Chilean satellite FASAT Charlie, if the agreement with the Air Force, through the Aerophotogrametric Service, becomes effective. The second aspect is the use of software for the study of images, developed at the University of Santiago, Adelgeo.

Dr. Arellano’s collaborators are Ph.D. students in Engineering Science (Automatic and Process specializations) and the Master’s degree in Geomatics. As noted by professor Arellano, "they play an important role, because their motivation to do new things nourishes the investigation."

By Lorena Jimenez

• Cyanide is one of the most commonly used chemicals in gold mining, mainly because it is easy to obtain and is highly effective in recovering this metal. However, due to its high levels of toxicity, its use should be controlled to avoid leaks. This is the reason why the process suggested in the study led by Dr Julio Romero, professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering of our University, is so important.

 

“These processes require very large equipment and a constant control, and may involve potential hazards, like leaks. This fact is particularly critical, because there may be gas streams containing cyanide as hydrogen cyanide flowing in the plant through large columns that could affect both people and the environment, if they are not handled with enough caution,” Dr. Julio Romero, researcher at the Department of Chemical Engineering, said.

For these reasons and according to the research lines of the Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM) of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, the research team conducted a study to minimize the risk posed by the changing conditions of cyanide by means of a membrane absorption process. The study was published by the Journal of Membrane Science with the name of “Design and cost estimation of a gas-filled membrane absorption (GFMA) process as alternative for cyanide recovery in gold mining.”

“We developed and adapted a new process that requires only one confined and compact piece of equipment. It allows cyanide to pass from one phase to the other without having to change its condition to gaseous state in a circulating stream, thanks to a membrane that absorbs and desorbs this substance in one stage,” he explained. 

The system works as a selective barrier, partly similar to biological membranes. These membranes are commercialized in the market and they are adapted for this specific use.

“This time, we evaluated a membrane with gas-filled pores, specifically, air-filled pores. In this way, the two solutions- the one from which the cyanide will be removed and the one in which the cyanide will be kept- contact each other passing through the membrane pores. This allows a controlled operation, reducing the risk of cyanide escapes into the atmosphere,” Dr Romero said.

The study was developed as of some systems that simulated the composition of the water in a gold deposit. This increases the feasibility of the design in real operations, because it suggests a reduction in the energy footprint of the process. Besides, it produces a 35% more of the net value provided by the AVR system and is comparable to the SART process.

The published article is the result of a more extensive study related to the dissertation work of Humberto Estay, graduated from the Engineering Sciences PhD program with a Major in Process Engineering, at Universidad de Santiago. Students and academics at Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana have also contributed to this work.

Contributing to Green Chemistry

The LabProSeM has worked for more than 14 years on the study of membrane separation processes and their use in hydrometallurgical processes, food processing, biofuel separation and gas and waste management.  

Currently, the different studies supported by this laboratory have an ultimate goal: to incorporate the principles of eco-friendly chemistry. This idea was inspired by the green chemistry philosophy, based on 12 principles that intend to reduce the impact of future chemical processes.

“Membranes, as selective barriers, use a physical means to restrict the use of reagents and chemicals harmful to the environment. We would like to focus our research lines on the development of applications that respect the principles of green chemistry. We try to modify the design of our products, chemical treatments, processes and others, to make them eco-friendly. All this with the purpose of eliminating or considerably reducing the production of pollutants,” Dr Romero said.

Translated by Marcela Contreras

• Dr Laura Almendares Calderón, professor at the Technological Faculty of Universidad de Santiago, presented her study “Development of a technology to replace prickly pear skin with a peel to keep the physiological, microbiological and organoleptic properties of the fresh fruit” at the Expo Milano 2015 (Italy). Dr Almendares presented the innovation in an activity devoted to the best sustainable development practices for food security.

Dr Laura Almendares Calderón, professor at the Technological Faculty of our University, carried out a technical visit to the Expo Milano 2015 (Italy) in order to get an insight of the food situation around the world. She was able to see a wide variety of raw materials, manufactured goods, equipment and supplies exhibited by more than one hundred countries. The activity had the presence of leaders from all over the world, like President Michelle Bachelet, who opened the Chilean Pavillion.

In this context, Dr Almendares, director of the FIA-USACH Project, PYT-2012-0033, “Development of a technology to replace prickly pear skin with a peel to keep the physiological, microbiological and organoleptic properties of the fresh fruit”, presented her work at the BSDP Week.

The activity started with an exhibition of photos, porters, brochures and other information material related to this matter. The academic was able to show the results of this Chilean innovative project to people from different countries, at the Urban Center, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, in downtown Milano, between June 10^th and 13^th.

Chile participated in the competition “Feeding Knowledge”, a program created to contribute to the permanent legacy of the Expo Milano 2015.

With that purpose in mind, a document will be generated containing policies and key recommendations to create an effective knowledge system in the food security field in the Mediterranean Region. The final version of this document will be available in September this year.

Selection of proposals

The proposals submitted by eligible candidates underwent a strict admission control by the International Selection Committee, which is responsible for the final evaluation, using nine pre-established criteria.

The proposals that did not meet one or more of the admission criteria were not considered as “Good Practices in Food Safety.”

The ones that were well evaluated officially became “participating initiatives”, like the work presented by Dr Almendares. 

Her work was included in the priority theme “Food consumption habits: diet, environment, society, economy and health.”

This theme groups all projects which objectives are focused on research activities that evaluate the impact of current diets on the environment, economy, society, culture, health and nutritional sustainability.

This was the only Chilean study presented at the activity and it was registered as ‘9712. Development of methodology to replace prickly pear skin for enriched eatable peel. Chile. 25’.

Translated by Marcela Contreras