For over a century, physics studies have sought to decode the fundamental laws governing the universe, from subatomic particles to the vast structures of space-time. Central to this effort is quantum mechanics, which reveals that matter follows non-intuitive rules determining physical phenomena.
Many of these principles are rooted in quantum symmetries, the organizational rules of nature that ensure a system behaves consistently across different conditions. This study explores how preserved symmetries make the behavior of matter predictable, such as electron movement in materials. Conversely, when these symmetries are broken, the research focuses on how unexpected states and advanced materials emerge, providing new models to explain the structure of the universe.
Graphene serves as a primary example of how quantum symmetries manifest in physical matter. This two-dimensional material, which earned the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, consists of a single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal, honeycomb-like structure. This microscopic order triggers extraordinary electronic behavior, where specific symmetries lead to high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
Furthermore, recent breakthroughs, including those recognized by the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics, confirm that these quantum principles extend beyond the microscopic world. In macroscopic systems such as superconducting electrical circuits, phase and gauge symmetries enable phenomena such as energy quantization and the tunneling effect. This study of symmetry proves that quantum properties can be preserved and controlled at technologically relevant scales, paving the way for next-generation quantum computing.
Predicting the Occurrence of New Particles
At Usach, researchers are using graphene-like systems as a foundation to study how quantum symmetries influence the behavior of matter. Through a Fondecyt Regular project, Dr. Francisco Correa of the Department of Physics is conducting a theoretical analysis of electron motion in these materials. This study explores how the fundamental properties of matter shift when symmetries are modified, seeking to understand why unique behaviors emerge in advanced materials that are absent in traditional systems.
“By conducting a study of specific symmetries, such as hexagonal symmetry or time reversal symmetry, we can predict the emergence of new particles,” explains the Usach professor. These principles are fundamental to nature, allowing scientists to connect quantum mechanics with practical applications in optics and the study of non-Hermitian systems.
Unlike traditional models that assume closed environments, non-Hermitian systems describe quantum scenarios where energy is exchanged with the surrounding environment. This study moves beyond isolated systems to explore how energy entering or exiting a system alters its behavior in ways classical physics cannot explain.
While these systems are essential for understanding extreme quantum behavior, predictive theoretical models remain a challenge. Therefore, this project incorporates the study of non-Hermitian systems to adapt quantum mechanics for more realistic, complex scenarios. As Dr. Correa explains, “In non-Hermitian systems, we can design materials that do not occur naturally. By strategically introducing energy gains or losses, we can control or redirect wave propagation, from light to sound, paving the way for next-generation devices and a deeper understanding of how the universe functions.”
At the Frontiers of Theoretical Physics
Beyond material and system design, this study extends quantum tools to the most fundamental problems in theoretical physics. Specifically, it investigates how quantum symmetries and mathematical structures in these models influence field theories and the description of spacetime. This includes the exploration of extreme cosmic phenomena, such as black hole dynamics, where many fundamental questions remain unanswered.
Dr. Correa emphasizes that this project sits at the frontier of the physical sciences. Rather than focusing on a single niche, the research builds bridges between parallel fields, linking the study of graphene and metamaterials to open questions in gravity. By connecting these different scales of physics, the project creates a unified framework for understanding the universe.
The researcher highlights that many everyday technologies originated from basic science research. The ongoing challenge is to deepen the study of quantum symmetries to explain complex phenomena while simultaneously expanding international research networks. By developing high-ability human capital, this project ensures that the boundaries of physics will continue to be pushed in both the medium and long term.
"Working with students and seeing them transition into diverse fields is incredibly rewarding," concludes the USACH researcher. This study of theoretical physics not only offers a deeper understanding of the universe but also fosters meaningful human interaction, a value that Dr. Correa considers essential to the scientific process.